Many areas of the U.S. are experiencing drought conditions. Many other areas receive little rainfall. As the cost of providing water grows for our growing population, schools are experiencing rising costs with only one guarantee: rates will continue to rise.
What are some strategies to reduce the use of water? A local school district researched ways to save water. In a recently-completed new school, they chose to use waterless urinals. (Most people, when they hear “waterless urinal”, say “ewwww”.) But waterless urinals don’t necessarily smell. The ones this district selected have a one-way valve that works to trap odors so there are no smells. There is also a cartridge that gets changed out after every 300 flushes. They did the math and the cartridges only need to be replaced every couple of months. The replacement involves turning and twisting the old cartridge out with a built-in lever, popping a new one into the holder, turning and twisting it back in.
Low-water usage faucets and showerheads are now commonplace, and are code-required in many municipalities. Low-flow toilets have been around for quite a few years now, and are getting better all the time. Some work better than others. Check out the link to see which ones work best. (If you still have the old tank toilets, the old trick of putting a brick in the tank, or filling up a milk jug with water, capping it and putting it in the tank will work to obtain flushing with less water.)
The same district also decided to try a pilot project to see if rainwater harvesting would provide sufficient water for use in irrigating ball fields. This is a big issue for schools – if you offer sports opportunities for students, you really need irrigation. If you don’t irrigate fields, when they dry out, they get hard and lead to injuries. This is especially true for the clay soils we have here in North Texas. At this school the rainwater is gathered from gutters and downspouts from the buildings on the campus, and also from catch basins in parking lots. All runoff is piped to an irrigation pond, which is aerated to keep the water quality high. It’s a fairly simple system, with a pump providing the means to distribute the water. Several cities are interested the project and are studying the practicality of reproducing this system, and are also interested in the benefit of less runoff in the river.
Another school district was piping runoff from one of their schools to a stream that ran fairly close to the school. The method used to harvest rainwater was a clever one. Since the piping ran several hundred yards before the outfall into the stream, a valve was installed in the large-diamter pipe. This means the water is stored in the pipe until it needs to be used for irrigation. If your school has a scenario similar to this, you could upsize your pipe to store a lot of water.
Look at every aspect of water use in your school. Commercial dishwashers use minimal amounts of water while washing dishes in two minutes or less. Other ways to save water in the kitchen can be researched, for instance, low flow heads in the dish rinsing area.
Is there a way your school could do something other than have large amounts of lawn? Lawns are preferred by many school districts as their optimal surface for many reasons, but it’s possible to reduce the amount of sod, replacing with other surfaces. A few possibilities would be bark chips, crushed limestone or crushed granite, decorative river rock or other decorative rock, or ground covers that don’t use as much water (or fertilizers) as lawn.
Xeriscaping could be the subject of another blog because it’s a big subject. Xeriscaping is the art and science of using drought-tolerant plants, and perhaps more specifically native plants, in landscaping. After watching many trees, shrubs, and other plants die this summer from record high temperatures and record drought, xeriscaping is a strategy that can help reduce water needs while still maintaining attractive and functional outdoor spaces.
Drip irrigation can be effectively used to target areas that need water. Instead of using sprinkler heads to water shrubs and trees, use drip irrigation.
One area that is little utilized but is more under discussion is that of gray water re-use. Gray water means water that’s used for washing gets re-used. (Black water is a term for the re-use of sewage water.) Many municipalities don’t allow gray water re-use, or only allow it under certain conditions. We will be seeing more and more use of gray water, especially water from showers or hand-washing being filtered, treated, and re-used, especially for landscape irrigation. Municipalities will continue educating plan review and code compliance departments in successful gray-water reuse methods.
There are many ways to save your district money on water usage. Your district may want to adopt water saving strategies for cost-savings measures or because there is insufficient water supply.
http://www.consumersearch.com/toilets/reviews
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/plumbingrestrooms/article/Making-Waterless-Work--2442
http://www.colostate.edu/Dept/CoopExt/4dmg/Xeris/xeris1.htm
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/04702.html
http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/homegard/graywate.htm
Monday, December 26, 2011
Sunday, December 18, 2011
Weatherization for Schools
Back in the old days I lived in Alaska. A cold part of Alaska where, living in a mobile home for a winter, I discovered that, at about minus 20 degrees and colder, no stud finder was needed to determine the location of wall studs in the walls (behind the faux walnut paneling) because the walls would grow a coat of frost on the paneling at the location of each stud. In addition, each nail head would be covered with an even larger cap of frost. It was a drafty, cold winter.
Perhaps your school is feeling like the mobile home this winter. Here are a few ways, on a shoestring, to increase what is referred to as human comfort while reducing your utility bills
• Start with caulk. On a day that is warm enough for caulk to set up (read manufacturer recommendations) caulk everything on your building’s exterior. You should be doing this once per year no matter what. If you have windows that operate check to see if they close all the way or not. Use caulk instead of spray foam insulation since the spray foam is usually not UV resistant. Check doors frames and the doors themselves. Walk around your building and on the roof, caulking roof and wall penetrations.
• Humidify. Adding humidity to dry winter indoor air will increase comfort more than any other fix. The added benefit to humidity is that it will decrease the spread of bacteria and viruses via the nasal passages. It will reduce that irritating static also. Building humidifiers are typically not inexpensive but are an excellent investment. No matter the type of humidifier you’re using, make sure you’re using an anti-bacterial/mold agent in the water. A note of caution: you need to watch to ensure you aren’t creating condensation problems by adding humidity. If condensation occurs on the inside of (particularly single pane) windows for instance, you’ll want to reduce the use of humidifiers until you get older windows replaced.
• Doors may have a weatherstripping gap at the latch mechanism part of the door frame, especially if it’s aluminum storefront. There is a door hardware plate that will help with air infiltration. Other weatherstripping issues at doors typically involve the frames. Since most schools have hollow metal frames, see if you can tell if the frames have been grouted. If not they are going to be leaking lots of air. Even though it’s messy, if you drill small holes in the gypsum board around the edge of the frame and fill the frame with spray foam insulation you’ll be helping the R value of the door. Make sure you know whether or not you have a rated door and frame assembly because if you do you should NOT put spray foam insulation in the cavity; grout will most likely be required by code. Are your doors thermally broken? If you purchase new doors make sure they are.
• The other issue to consider with doors is how well they fit in their frame. Buildings settle or heave. When the frame moves the door doesn’t always follow suit. If you have a hollow metal door and frame your facilities people will need to adjust the door as best possible. Install door sweeps and thresholds to alleviate the largest source of drafts – the bottom of the door.
• Roof insulation is the best and cheapest way to reduce your heating/cooling bills. Add additional roof insulation if you’re able. Remember not to pack insulation – it works by trapping air, if you jam the insulation in it won’t be as effective. Blown-in insulation works really well, especially if you have tight spaces but don’t use blown-in if you need to access those insulated areas, it will get walked on and packed down. If you can’t access roof cavities, or if there is no space to add insulation, then check to see if your ducts are insulated, both supply and returns. Check for insulation on upper walls between ceilings and roof decks. If it’s not there you should add it.
• HVAC – use multi-stage furnace and use equipment that will pre-condition your intake air. Newer equipment is so much more energy-efficient that older equipment, put your equipment on a replacement schedule. HVAC fixes tend to cost more but also provide big savings. Maybe this is one for your long-range facilities planning.
• Water heating – insulate water heaters. Boilers and water heaters should be drained annually to reduce gunk in the bottom of the tanks. Quite often water heaters and boilers are located in unheated parts of buildings. See if there is a way to reduce heating load on water heaters in unheated spaces.
• Maybe you have old windows, and maybe your windows are single pane. Older buildings with double-hung windows typically have a gap where the top and the bottom meet; it can be up to ¼ inch. Sometimes windows don’t shut all the way, or the upper part keeps slipping down. Old wood windows can warp, and old metal windows can rust. Determine where your leaks are using a lit candle you blow out, watching the smoke. You can buy “canned smoke”, you shake and spray the can. If you see a lot of air movement either caulk and/or install weatherstripping. Use backer rod if you have large gaps to fill.
There are companies who specialize in energy performance contracting. They’ll help your school district with the above energy savings initiatives and more, and they will structure a program where the savings will pay back the cost of the work. The link below has a good description of energy performance contracting.
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/spp_res/Introduction_to_Performance_Contracting.pdf
Perhaps your school is feeling like the mobile home this winter. Here are a few ways, on a shoestring, to increase what is referred to as human comfort while reducing your utility bills
• Start with caulk. On a day that is warm enough for caulk to set up (read manufacturer recommendations) caulk everything on your building’s exterior. You should be doing this once per year no matter what. If you have windows that operate check to see if they close all the way or not. Use caulk instead of spray foam insulation since the spray foam is usually not UV resistant. Check doors frames and the doors themselves. Walk around your building and on the roof, caulking roof and wall penetrations.
• Humidify. Adding humidity to dry winter indoor air will increase comfort more than any other fix. The added benefit to humidity is that it will decrease the spread of bacteria and viruses via the nasal passages. It will reduce that irritating static also. Building humidifiers are typically not inexpensive but are an excellent investment. No matter the type of humidifier you’re using, make sure you’re using an anti-bacterial/mold agent in the water. A note of caution: you need to watch to ensure you aren’t creating condensation problems by adding humidity. If condensation occurs on the inside of (particularly single pane) windows for instance, you’ll want to reduce the use of humidifiers until you get older windows replaced.
• Doors may have a weatherstripping gap at the latch mechanism part of the door frame, especially if it’s aluminum storefront. There is a door hardware plate that will help with air infiltration. Other weatherstripping issues at doors typically involve the frames. Since most schools have hollow metal frames, see if you can tell if the frames have been grouted. If not they are going to be leaking lots of air. Even though it’s messy, if you drill small holes in the gypsum board around the edge of the frame and fill the frame with spray foam insulation you’ll be helping the R value of the door. Make sure you know whether or not you have a rated door and frame assembly because if you do you should NOT put spray foam insulation in the cavity; grout will most likely be required by code. Are your doors thermally broken? If you purchase new doors make sure they are.
• The other issue to consider with doors is how well they fit in their frame. Buildings settle or heave. When the frame moves the door doesn’t always follow suit. If you have a hollow metal door and frame your facilities people will need to adjust the door as best possible. Install door sweeps and thresholds to alleviate the largest source of drafts – the bottom of the door.
• Roof insulation is the best and cheapest way to reduce your heating/cooling bills. Add additional roof insulation if you’re able. Remember not to pack insulation – it works by trapping air, if you jam the insulation in it won’t be as effective. Blown-in insulation works really well, especially if you have tight spaces but don’t use blown-in if you need to access those insulated areas, it will get walked on and packed down. If you can’t access roof cavities, or if there is no space to add insulation, then check to see if your ducts are insulated, both supply and returns. Check for insulation on upper walls between ceilings and roof decks. If it’s not there you should add it.
• HVAC – use multi-stage furnace and use equipment that will pre-condition your intake air. Newer equipment is so much more energy-efficient that older equipment, put your equipment on a replacement schedule. HVAC fixes tend to cost more but also provide big savings. Maybe this is one for your long-range facilities planning.
• Water heating – insulate water heaters. Boilers and water heaters should be drained annually to reduce gunk in the bottom of the tanks. Quite often water heaters and boilers are located in unheated parts of buildings. See if there is a way to reduce heating load on water heaters in unheated spaces.
• Maybe you have old windows, and maybe your windows are single pane. Older buildings with double-hung windows typically have a gap where the top and the bottom meet; it can be up to ¼ inch. Sometimes windows don’t shut all the way, or the upper part keeps slipping down. Old wood windows can warp, and old metal windows can rust. Determine where your leaks are using a lit candle you blow out, watching the smoke. You can buy “canned smoke”, you shake and spray the can. If you see a lot of air movement either caulk and/or install weatherstripping. Use backer rod if you have large gaps to fill.
There are companies who specialize in energy performance contracting. They’ll help your school district with the above energy savings initiatives and more, and they will structure a program where the savings will pay back the cost of the work. The link below has a good description of energy performance contracting.
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/spp_res/Introduction_to_Performance_Contracting.pdf
Sunday, December 11, 2011
Energy Efficiency Measures for Schools
If you look at a typical school district budget, facilities operations and maintenance costs are one of the big-ticket items. What if you could decrease the amount your school district spends on utilities?
Is your school energy-efficient? If your school is typical, your power usage goes up every year. Has your school instigated an energy-savings program? It can be as simple as starting a student green club. The students can provide a watt-watching program for your school. Let’s look at some ways schools experience increased power usage and some strategies to help decrease utility costs:
• Start an energy conservation education campaign. Involve the whole school.
• Schools have more computers now than ever. Rather than use screen savers, which don’t save much energy, put computers on “sleep” which will help. Also start a program to turn all computers off when not in use.
• What gets measured gets saved. Have a committee that tracks where lights are being left turned on unnecessarily. Many schools submitted for ARRA funding for projects to have motion sensor lights installed. Students are especially good at being the “lighting police”.
• Make sure HVAC equipment has clean filters and is operating correctly. Newer HVAC systems tend to have programming available that will help with occupied/unoccupied cycles. Have your facilities staff ensure the building HVAC controls are programmed to provide unoccupied settings appropriate for energy savings.
• Are doors being left open during lunch, recess, before and after school? Note problem areas and have students help with efforts to keep doors shut. Or think about adding a vestibule.
• Green in a Box was discussed in a previous blog. You can use the school walkthrough to help target the overall school for individual measures.
• eQuest energy modeling software was reviewed in a previous blog. Model your buildings using eQuest for a benchmark; then compare the benchmark to your actual building. You can come up with a list and the priorities for energy efficiency improvements.
• I drove past a school last week and the lights were on late at night. The custodial staff was cleaning. A new trend in energy savings is to accomplish school janitorial services during the day. If your school is heavily used in the evenings for community events this won’t work, but hopefully if your school is used in the evenings you’re getting rent for your facility to offset utility costs. In any case you’ll want to ensure you’re heating/cooling your building only when needed.
• Use a kill-a-watt meter to determine electricity usage. They cost $30 each, you plug them in and see how much energy you’re using on any given appliance.
• Ask teachers to reduce their in-classroom appliances or take them home. There has been a trend in recent years to have refrigerators, coffee makers, toaster ovens, and other appliances in the classroom. Besides creating an environment for insects and other pests, this creates a lot of extra drain on electricity. When you do purchase appliances, purchase Energy Star appliances.
• Use daylight harvesting (daylighting). How many schools operate with blinds or curtains shut? There are other benefits to providing natural daylight in lieu of electric lighting.
Also look for energy efficiency funding through federal, state, and local entities. Most states and many utility companies have programs that will help schools.
http://www.energysavers.gov/financial/
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/tools/funding.htm
Is your school energy-efficient? If your school is typical, your power usage goes up every year. Has your school instigated an energy-savings program? It can be as simple as starting a student green club. The students can provide a watt-watching program for your school. Let’s look at some ways schools experience increased power usage and some strategies to help decrease utility costs:
• Start an energy conservation education campaign. Involve the whole school.
• Schools have more computers now than ever. Rather than use screen savers, which don’t save much energy, put computers on “sleep” which will help. Also start a program to turn all computers off when not in use.
• What gets measured gets saved. Have a committee that tracks where lights are being left turned on unnecessarily. Many schools submitted for ARRA funding for projects to have motion sensor lights installed. Students are especially good at being the “lighting police”.
• Make sure HVAC equipment has clean filters and is operating correctly. Newer HVAC systems tend to have programming available that will help with occupied/unoccupied cycles. Have your facilities staff ensure the building HVAC controls are programmed to provide unoccupied settings appropriate for energy savings.
• Are doors being left open during lunch, recess, before and after school? Note problem areas and have students help with efforts to keep doors shut. Or think about adding a vestibule.
• Green in a Box was discussed in a previous blog. You can use the school walkthrough to help target the overall school for individual measures.
• eQuest energy modeling software was reviewed in a previous blog. Model your buildings using eQuest for a benchmark; then compare the benchmark to your actual building. You can come up with a list and the priorities for energy efficiency improvements.
• I drove past a school last week and the lights were on late at night. The custodial staff was cleaning. A new trend in energy savings is to accomplish school janitorial services during the day. If your school is heavily used in the evenings for community events this won’t work, but hopefully if your school is used in the evenings you’re getting rent for your facility to offset utility costs. In any case you’ll want to ensure you’re heating/cooling your building only when needed.
• Use a kill-a-watt meter to determine electricity usage. They cost $30 each, you plug them in and see how much energy you’re using on any given appliance.
• Ask teachers to reduce their in-classroom appliances or take them home. There has been a trend in recent years to have refrigerators, coffee makers, toaster ovens, and other appliances in the classroom. Besides creating an environment for insects and other pests, this creates a lot of extra drain on electricity. When you do purchase appliances, purchase Energy Star appliances.
• Use daylight harvesting (daylighting). How many schools operate with blinds or curtains shut? There are other benefits to providing natural daylight in lieu of electric lighting.
Also look for energy efficiency funding through federal, state, and local entities. Most states and many utility companies have programs that will help schools.
http://www.energysavers.gov/financial/
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/tools/funding.htm
Sunday, December 4, 2011
Handwashing
School districts that implement sustainability initiatives typically take a close look at handwashing. According to the CDC, which is more effective: a strict handwashing regime or flu shots? Answer: Handwashing. The recommended best practices are to use foam soaps, to use liquid/foam but not bar soaps, which can harbor germs. A school district with a comprehensive IEQ program which includes a strict handwashing regime shared a graph at a recent EPA IEQ Schools Symposium that shows their absentee “bell curve” which used to peak quite high in January being flattened out when they instigated hand washing. (Meaning that student illness is low in September/October, starts rising, peaks in January/February, then starts heading downward, returns to a low point in May/June.) They could also tell which schools didn’t take the district-wide handwashing program as seriously, with a glance at the monthly school nurse report of absences and trips to the school nurse statistics they could see who needed to pay more attention to handwashing. A lack of handwashing showed up in increased absenteeism, increased trips to the school nurse and increased flu incidence. (Many school districts and education architects are incorporating handwashing lavatories (sinks) in hallways so teachers can more easily observe handwashing in progress.)
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) states “…the very simple activity of frequent handwashing has the potential to save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention”. The CDC website has many resources available to help schools – posters, documents, information, and a Happy Handwashing song are only a few of the resources available. They discuss the use of hand sanitizers versus regular handwashing with soap and water, and they recommend against the use of anti-microbial soaps. They also recommend using either paper towels or air to dry hands. What are effective ways to dry hands?
Paper towels create their own set of problems – expense and waste being the two largest issues, although they are effective at drying without spreading germs. Just think if you no longer had to buy paper towels and the savings available not only in paper towels but also garbage bags, staff time in handling all the waste, and garbage costs at the landfill.
We’ve all heard that the regular metal air hand dryers (where you push a button and the air comes out) blow bacteria onto our hands – is that true? I was just in a store using a public restroom that had the ubiquitous white metal push button air dryers. I looked at the underside, where the air intake is located, and sure enough, it was coated with the cobwebby-looking dust we think of when we think of dirty air intakes. There are new hand dryers on the market that use air which seem to alleviate the blowing of dirty air onto hands. They’re called “air blades”. A narrow stream of air is focused on each side of the hands, which are placed, fingers pointing towards the ground, into the middle of the air blade dryer. The air is propelled out of the air blade at a high velocity, and it strips the water from the hands. These types of air dryers are also fun for clowning around – pretending your hands are being sucked into the dryer is always good for a laugh! It kind of feels that way a little but is very effective, and your hands actually do get dry in a real hurry. The other difference between air blades and the old work horse variety is that the air intake on an air blade comes from a duct that draws air from outdoors – usually from the roof, with the air being pulled into the dryer. No more dirty air being deposited on your clean hands!
Ask your school nurses for statistics on absences, and start tracking as your district or school implements a successful handwashing program. You’ll reduce absenteeism using a method that, according to the Center for Disease Control, is more effective than flu shots.
http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/ features a number of resources
http://www.bam.gov/teachers/epidemiology_hand_wash.html a children’s handwashing project
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) states “…the very simple activity of frequent handwashing has the potential to save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention”. The CDC website has many resources available to help schools – posters, documents, information, and a Happy Handwashing song are only a few of the resources available. They discuss the use of hand sanitizers versus regular handwashing with soap and water, and they recommend against the use of anti-microbial soaps. They also recommend using either paper towels or air to dry hands. What are effective ways to dry hands?
Paper towels create their own set of problems – expense and waste being the two largest issues, although they are effective at drying without spreading germs. Just think if you no longer had to buy paper towels and the savings available not only in paper towels but also garbage bags, staff time in handling all the waste, and garbage costs at the landfill.
We’ve all heard that the regular metal air hand dryers (where you push a button and the air comes out) blow bacteria onto our hands – is that true? I was just in a store using a public restroom that had the ubiquitous white metal push button air dryers. I looked at the underside, where the air intake is located, and sure enough, it was coated with the cobwebby-looking dust we think of when we think of dirty air intakes. There are new hand dryers on the market that use air which seem to alleviate the blowing of dirty air onto hands. They’re called “air blades”. A narrow stream of air is focused on each side of the hands, which are placed, fingers pointing towards the ground, into the middle of the air blade dryer. The air is propelled out of the air blade at a high velocity, and it strips the water from the hands. These types of air dryers are also fun for clowning around – pretending your hands are being sucked into the dryer is always good for a laugh! It kind of feels that way a little but is very effective, and your hands actually do get dry in a real hurry. The other difference between air blades and the old work horse variety is that the air intake on an air blade comes from a duct that draws air from outdoors – usually from the roof, with the air being pulled into the dryer. No more dirty air being deposited on your clean hands!
Ask your school nurses for statistics on absences, and start tracking as your district or school implements a successful handwashing program. You’ll reduce absenteeism using a method that, according to the Center for Disease Control, is more effective than flu shots.
http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/ features a number of resources
http://www.bam.gov/teachers/epidemiology_hand_wash.html a children’s handwashing project
Friday, December 2, 2011
Working with City Government
One aspect of the planning process that often takes a back seat is the time and effort it takes to coordinate your school project with the City that has jurisdiction in your district. It can often be a long process to work the plans through the many layers of the city government that is tasked with checking and reviewing compliance with the building code and city ordinances that are in place.
Unfortunately, when an architect completes the drawings and sends them over to the city for review, they can sit there for months while each city department goes through their review of the documents. You, as the owner, keep looking to see why the ground has not been broken and construction work has not started. What can be done to expidite this process?
Sometimes not much can be done, the City is going to go through their process and you must simply wait. There are a few things that you can do to be proactive however. The first is to establish a good working relationship with the city staff members in the building and inspection department. Knowing who to call when you have an issue is very important, and knowing who that persons immediate supervisor is, can also be of value. Second, start the process of review early on in the planning stage. As soon as you have a schematic floor plan and site plan ready, take it to the city and review it with them. Let the city know what is going on and what your schedule is so that they can coordinate it with their review schedule. Third, realize that the city is viewing you as a developer and that you will most likely have to pay for utility and roadway upgrades around your site. Also there will be impact fees, permit fees, etc that you will be responsible for. It can be helpful if you can establish some interlocal agreements regarding fees before hand so that all are aware of the cost implications to your project.
The city may also require you to have an environmental impact study, a traffic study, or special drainage studies done. Knowing what will be required before you start the planning process will go a long way to making the road smoother in the approval process.
Unfortunately, when an architect completes the drawings and sends them over to the city for review, they can sit there for months while each city department goes through their review of the documents. You, as the owner, keep looking to see why the ground has not been broken and construction work has not started. What can be done to expidite this process?
Sometimes not much can be done, the City is going to go through their process and you must simply wait. There are a few things that you can do to be proactive however. The first is to establish a good working relationship with the city staff members in the building and inspection department. Knowing who to call when you have an issue is very important, and knowing who that persons immediate supervisor is, can also be of value. Second, start the process of review early on in the planning stage. As soon as you have a schematic floor plan and site plan ready, take it to the city and review it with them. Let the city know what is going on and what your schedule is so that they can coordinate it with their review schedule. Third, realize that the city is viewing you as a developer and that you will most likely have to pay for utility and roadway upgrades around your site. Also there will be impact fees, permit fees, etc that you will be responsible for. It can be helpful if you can establish some interlocal agreements regarding fees before hand so that all are aware of the cost implications to your project.
The city may also require you to have an environmental impact study, a traffic study, or special drainage studies done. Knowing what will be required before you start the planning process will go a long way to making the road smoother in the approval process.
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